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Sound Writing
Cody Chun, Kieran O’Neil, Kylie Young, Julie Nelson Christoph
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Front Matter
Colophon
Acknowledgments
Preface
Overview
1
Research Methods
1.1
Research Essentials
1.2
Research Questions
1.3
Research Tips and Strategies
2
How to Read
2.1
Finding, Skimming, and Reading Sources
2.1.1
Primary Sources
2.1.2
Secondary Sources
2.1.3
Skimming
2.2
Different Types of Reading
2.2.1
Active Reading
2.2.2
Reading Critically
2.2.3
Reading in the Sciences
2.3
Note-Taking Strategies
2.4
How to Read Writing Prompts
3
Forming Your Argument
3.1
Elements of an Argument
3.1.1
Main Claim
3.1.2
Evidence
3.1.3
Substantiation
3.1.4
Counterpoint
3.2
Diversity of Argumentation Modes
3.2.1
Different Models of Argumentation
3.2.2
Argumentation as a Process
3.3
Making a Strong Argument
3.4
Developing a Thesis
3.4.1
The Six-Step Process
3.5
Organizing an Argument
3.6
Supporting an Argument with Evidence
3.7
Using Quote Sandwiches
4
The Writing Process
4.1
Prewriting
4.1.1
Brainstorming
4.1.2
Planning
Some Planning Strategies
Mind Map
Freewriting
Drawing
4.1.3
Outlining
The Classic Outline
The Bubble Map
The Flowchart
4.2
Writing
4.2.1
Writing Introductions
Role of the Introduction
Anatomy of the Introduction
Writing Effective Introductions
4.2.2
Writing Topic Sentences
4.2.3
Writing Transitions
4.2.4
Writing Body Paragraphs
4.2.5
Writing Conclusions
Role of the Conclusion
Anatomy of the Conclusion
Writing Effective Conclusions
4.2.6
Researching while Writing
4.3
Revising
4.3.1
Reverse Outlining
4.3.2
Peer Review
4.4
Overcoming Obstacles
4.4.1
Identifying Obstacles
4.4.2
Managing Anxiety
4.4.3
Managing Frustration
4.4.4
Meeting Deadlines
4.4.5
Identifying as a Writer
4.4.6
Navigating Writing and AI
Why We Write Essays
How Essays Trick You Into Learning (And Why YOU Have to Write Them YOURSELF)
How well can a chatbot write, anyway?
5
Discipline-Specific Writing
5.1
Writing for African American Studies
5.2
Writing for Art and Art History
5.3
Writing for Biology
5.4
Writing for Business
5.5
Writing for Chemistry
5.6
Writing for Computer Science
5.6.1
Writing Code and Code Comments
5.6.2
Writing Academic Papers
5.7
Writing for English
5.8
Writing for Exercise Science
5.9
Writing for Geology
5.10
Writing for History
5.11
Writing for International Political Economy
5.12
Writing for Mathematics
5.13
Writing for Music and Music History
5.14
Writing for Philosophy
5.15
Writing for Politics and Government
5.16
Writing for Psychology
5.17
Writing for Spanish
5.18
Writing Lab Reports
5.18.1
Abstracts
5.18.2
Introductions
5.18.3
Materials and Methods or Experimental Sections
5.18.4
Results
5.18.5
Discussions
6
Writing with Awareness
6.1
Writing with Respect
6.2
Inclusive Language
6.2.1
Intersectionality
6.2.2
Language Toward Gender Inclusivity
6.2.3
Language Toward Neurological and Physical Inclusivity
6.2.4
Language Toward Racial and Ethnic Inclusivity
6.2.5
Language Toward
LGBTQ+
Inclusivity
6.2.6
Language Toward Socioeconomic Inclusivity
6.2.7
Language Toward Religious Inclusivity
6.3
Writing and Correctness
6.3.1
Standard American English
6.3.2
Pronouns and Correctness
6.4
Multilingual Writers
6.4.1
Identifying as Multilingual
6.4.2
Challenges
6.4.3
What do I do as a Multilingual Writer If. . .
7
Writing at the Sentence Level
7.1
Grammar Basics
7.1.1
Parts of Speech
7.1.2
Basic Sentence Structure
Subject-Predicate
Direct and Indirect Objects
Clauses
Phrases
Modifiers
Types of Sentences
Functional Types of Sentences
Subordination and Coordination
7.1.3
Grammar of Infinitives
When to Split Infinitives
When not to Split Infinitives
7.2
Tricky Grammar
7.2.1
Problems with Subject-Verb Agreement
Subject-Verb Agreement Rules
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
Indefinite Pronouns
-S Endings
Is/Are
Either/Or, Neither/Nor
Of
And/Or
Confusing Modifiers
Collective Nouns
Fractional Expressions
7.2.2
Problems with Sentence Fragments
7.2.3
Problems with Parallelism
Mixing Word Forms
Mixing Clause Forms
Two Nouns Following One Adjective
Lists After a Colon
7.2.4
Problems with Modifiers
Misplaced Modifiers
Dangling Modifiers
7.3
Style and Word Choice
7.3.1
Writing Clearly and Precisely
7.3.2
Making Effective Word Choices
7.3.3
Using Passive Constructions Cautiously
7.3.4
Using Strong Verbs
7.3.5
Considering Homophones
Common Homophones
Incorrect Use of Its and It’s
7.4
Punctuation and Capitalization Basics
7.4.1
Punctuation
Period ⟦.⟧
Ellipsis ⟦. . .⟧ (AKA: “dot dot dot”)
Exclamation ⟦!⟧ and Question ⟦?⟧ Marks
Comma ⟦,⟧
Semicolon ⟦;⟧
Colon ⟦:⟧
Hyphens and Dashes ⟦-⟧, ⟦–⟧, and ⟦—⟧
Parentheses ⟦(these)⟧
Brackets ⟦[these]⟧
Quotation Marks
Apostrophes
7.4.2
Capitalization
7.5
10 Confusing Things in English
8
Citations
8.1
The Basics
8.1.1
Background
8.1.2
Basic Components
8.1.3
In-Text Citations
8.2
Avoiding Plagiarism
8.3
Citing by Source Type
8.3.1
Citing a Book with One Author
APA
Chicago
MLA
8.3.2
Citing a Book With Multiple Authors
APA
Chicago
MLA
8.3.3
Citing an Edition Other Than the First
APA
Chicago
MLA
8.3.4
Citing a Chapter in an Edited Book
APA
Chicago
MLA
8.3.5
Citing a Book Review
APA
Chicago
MLA
8.3.6
Citing a Print Journal Article
APA
Chicago
MLA
8.3.7
Citing a Journal Article from an Online Database
APA
Chicago
MLA
8.3.8
Citing a Website
APA
Chicago
MLA
8.3.9
Citing a Work From a Website
APA
Chicago
MLA
8.3.10
Citing a Online Newspaper
APA
Chicago
MLA
8.3.11
Citing an Entry in an Encyclopedia
APA
Chicago
MLA
8.3.12
Citing a Lecture or Speech
APA
Chicago
MLA
8.3.13
Citing a Film
APA
Chicago
MLA
8.3.14
Citing a Music Performance
APA
Chicago
MLA
8.3.15
Citing a Music Recording
APA
Chicago
MLA
8.3.16
Citing an Artwork
APA
Chicago
MLA
8.3.17
Citing a Government Document
APA
Chicago
MLA
8.3.18
Citing a Graphic Novel
APA
Chicago
MLA
8.3.19
Citing a Translation
APA
Chicago
MLA
9
Speaking and Writing
10
Strategies for Academic Success
10.1
Talking to Professors
10.1.1
The New Student-Teacher Relationship
10.1.2
The Syllabus
10.1.3
Making Requests
10.1.4
Asking for an Extension
10.1.5
To Send or not to Send
10.2
Requesting Letters of Recommendation
10.2.1
Three Intersecting Perspectives
10.2.2
Your Suggested Timeline
10.3
Managing Time
10.3.1
Good Ol’ Procrastination
10.3.2
Productive Procrastination
10.3.3
Procrastination Versus Self-Care
10.3.4
Overcoming Procrastination
10.3.5
Good Time Management
10.3.6
Making and Using a Time Chart
10.3.7
A Few Final Thoughts
10.4
Getting Organized
10.4.1
Getting Your School Life Organized
10.4.2
Keeping your School Life Organized
10.4.3
School Meets Life
10.5
Succeeding During Remote Learning
11
Different Genres of Writing
11.1
Writing Emails
11.2
Writing Personal Statements
11.3
Writing Cover Letters
11.4
Writing Resumes
11.5
Writing Curriculum Vitae
11.6
Writing Thank-You Notes
12
Using Technology
12.1
Microsoft Word
12.1.1
Spell-Check Errors
12.1.2
Inserting Footnotes
12.1.3
Formatting Reference Lists, Bibliographies, and Works Cited
12.1.4
Peer Editing Tools
12.1.5
Adding a Cover Page
12.1.6
Finding and Replacing
12.2
Zotero
12.3
Adobe Acrobat Reader
Back Matter
A
Glossary of Academic Terms
B
Resources
Colophon
Subsection
10.4.2
Keeping your School Life Organized
List
10.4.4
.
Strategies for Staying Organized
Update your planner, every day.
As the semester goes on, keep updating your planner in the daily section when assignments come up. Also add non-academic things to your planner that you need to be sure not to forget. Think doctor appointments, work meetings, and club meetings.
Secure all the resources you need for each week.
This principle will apply most to classes involving a variety of materials, rather than one main textbook. If your class has frequent readings, download all the readings you will need for that week. Put them in your desktop folder for that class. If you’ll be reading a new book next week, make sure you have it and switch out your materials. Friday is probably the best day to get everything together quickly for the next week. If you’re planning to check out for part of the weekend, once you are back in school mode, your assignments will be ready for you to tackle.
Bring the right materials to each class by planning the day before.
Each night, make sure you have the folder and the notebook/binder for each class the next day.
Keep your technology updated, and
back up your files
.
This important step is often overlooked or put off, but it’s easy to do and helps avoid a student’s worst nightmare: your computer crashes right before a major paper is due, when you lose the file and have to beg your professor for an extension and wallow as you contemplate whether technology is destroying society. This means a lot of stress for you, and your professor is likely to see this kind of predicament as a poor planning problem rather than a technology problem. So, with better planning, you can avoid this!
There are lots of cloud-based options for storage, including iCloud, GoogleDrive, Dropbox, and OneDrive—as well as your own personal Puget Sound account at
vDesk
1
. Even if your computer crashes or gets stolen, you can still access your documents in the cloud.
You could also back up to an external hard drive. If these things are still confusing, just go to Tech Services and ask for help! They will be happy to restore you with a sense of academic calm.
Put your semester into deep storage.
At the end of each semester, make a new folder and place all the classes from the past semester there, so you can access them again if you need to but so that they don’t clutter up your day-to-day life. Label this folder something obvious, like Spring 2018 Courses, or
UPS
Semester 1. Here’s an example:
www.pugetsound.edu/technology-services